Kharitonov (Russian: Харито́нов), or Kharitonova (feminine; Харито́нова) is a Russian surname that is derived from the male given name Khariton and literally means Khariton's. Notable people with the surname include:

• Aleksandr Kharitonov (chess player), (born 1986), Russian chess player
• Aleksandr Kharitonov (footballer) (born 1983), Russian footballer
• Aleksandr Kharitonov (ice hockey) (born 1976), Russian ice hockey player
• Andrei Kharitonov, a Ukrainian actor and film director
• Dmitry Evstratievich Kharitonov (1896–1970), a Russian arachnologist
• Gavriil Kharitonov (1767–?), Russian copperplate engraver
• Leonid Kharitonov (actor) (1930–1987), Soviet actor
• Leonid Kharitonov (singer) (1933-2017), Soviet bass soloist with the Alexandrov Ensemble, and operatic and concert soloist
• Mark Kharitonov (1937-2024), writer and translator
• Mikhail Kharitonov (?–?), associate of Stepan Razin
• Nikolai Kharitonov (1920–1988), Soviet aircraft pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union
• Nikolay Kharitonov (born 1948), Russian politician
• Oleg Kharitonov, 100 mile track world record holder
• Pyotr Kharitonov (1916–1987), Soviet aircraft pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union
• Sergei Kharitonov (born 1980), Russian heavyweight mixed martial arts fighter
• Vladimir Kharitonov, Soviet poet
• Vladimir Kharitonov (1919–1996), Soviet aircraft pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union
• Vladimir Leonidovich Kharitonov, Russian mathematician, see Kharitonov's theorem
• Yevgeny Kharitonov (politician), Russian politician
• Yevgeny Kharitonov (poet), Russian poet
• Anna Kharitonova (born 1985), Russian judoka
• Marta Kharitonova (born 1984), Russian slalom canoer
• Olga Kharitonova (born 1990), Russian sprinter
• Svetlana Kharitonova (1932–2012), Russian actress