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Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:
- Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.
 
A
- Nicola Abbagnano (1901–1990)[2]
 - Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)[4]
 - Peter Abelard (1079–1142)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Miguel Abensour (1939–2017)
 - Abhinavagupta (fl. c. 975–1025)[4]
 - Abner of Burgos (c. 1270 – c. 1347)[5]
 - Isaac ben Judah Abravanel (1437–1508)[1][4]
 - Judah ben Isaac Abravanel (1460?–1535?)[1][4][5]
 - Marilyn McCord Adams (1943–2017)[3]
 - Robert Adams (born 1937)[3]
 - Jane Addams (1860–1935)[5]
 - Joseph Addison (1672–1719)[2]
 - Adelard of Bath (12th century)[1]
 - Alfred Adler (1870–1937)[2]
 - Theodor Adorno (1903–1969)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Aenesidemus (1st century BC)[2][4]
 - Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839–1897)[2][4]
 - Rodolphus Agricola (1443–1485)[4]
 - Agrippa the Sceptic (1st/2nd century)[2][4]
 - Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486–1535)[2][4][5]
 - Pierre d'Ailly (1350–1420)[1][2][4]
 - Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (1890–1963)[3][4]
 - Isaac Albalag (13th century)[5]
 - Hans Albert (1921–2023)
 - Albert of Saxony (c. 1316–1390)[1][2][4][5]
 - Albertus Magnus (or Saint Albert the Great or Albert of Cologne), (1193?–1280)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Joseph Albo (1380–1444)[2][3][4][5]
 - Alcinous (2nd century)[2][4]
 - Alcmaeon of Croton (5th century BC)[2][3][4][5]
 - Virgil Aldrich (1903–1998)[3]
 - Yohanan ben Isaac Alemanno (1433–1504)[2][4]
 - Alexander of Aphrodisias (2nd century)[1][2][4][5]
 - Alexander of Hales (died 1245)[1][2][4]
 - Samuel Alexander (1859–1938)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)[2][3][4][5]
 - Antonio Aliotta (1881–1964)[2]
 - Archibald Alison (1757–1839)[2][4]
 - Abd al-Jabiri (1935—2010)[2]
 - Abdullah al-Qasemi (1907–1996)
 - William Alston (1921–2009)[1][2][3]
 - Johannes Althusius (1557–1638)[2]
 - Louis Althusser (1918–1990)[1][3][4][5]
 - Robert Alyngton (died 1398)[5]
 - B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956)[4]
 - Ambrose (c. 340–397)[1]
 - Abu'l Hasan Muhammad Ibn Yusuf al-'Amiri (died 992)[4]
 - Ammonius Hermiae (5th century)[4][5]
 - Ammonius Saccas (3rd century)[1]
 - André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836)[2]
 - Anton Wilhelm Amo (1703–c. 1759)[4]
 - Anaxagoras (died 462 BC)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Anaxarchus (fl. 340 BC)[4]
 - Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC)[1][2][3][4]
 - Anaximenes of Miletus (6th century BC)[1][2][3][4]
 - Alan Ross Anderson (1925–1973)[3]
 - John Anderson (1893–1962)[2][3][4][5]
 - Ando Shoeki (1703–1762)[2]
 - Andronicus of Rhodes (c. 70 BC)[1]
 - Peter Annet (1693–1769)[2]
 - Anniceris (fl. 300 BC)[1]
 - G. E. M. Anscombe (1918–2001)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Anselm (1034–1109)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 130–68 BC)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Antiphon (480–403 BC)[2][4]
 - Antisthenes (c. 444–365)[3][2][4]
 - Karl-Otto Apel (1922–2017)[2]
 - Apuleius (c. 123–c. 180)[4]
 - Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Isaac ben Moses Arama (1420–1494)[4]
 - Arcesilaus (316–241 BC)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Archytas (428–347 BC)[1][2][4][5]
 - Roberto Ardigò (1828–1920)[2]
 - Hannah Arendt (1906–1975)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Aristippus of Cyrene (c. 435–366 BC)[2][3][4]
 - Aristo of Chios (fl. 250 BC)[2][4]
 - Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Arius (256–336)[2]
 - Mohammed Arkoun (1928–2010)[2]
 - Jacobus Arminius (1560–1609)[1][2]
 - David Malet Armstrong (1926–2014)[1][2][3][4]
 - Antoine Arnauld (1612–1694)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Matthew Arnold (1822–1888)[2]
 - Kenneth Arrow (1921–2017)[3]
 - Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus (1894–1975)[4]
 - Mary Astell (1666–1731)[1][2][4][5]
 - Athanasius of Alexandria (298–373)[1]
 - Pandurang Shastri Athavale (1920–2003)
 - Gwenaëlle Aubry (born 1971)
 - Augustine of Hippo (354–430)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Marcus Aurelius (121–180)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Peter Aureol (c. 1280–1322)[2][4][5]
 - Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950)[3][4]
 - John Austin (1790–1859)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - John Langshaw Austin (1911–1960)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Richard Avenarius (1843–1896)[1][2][3][4]
 - Averroes (or Ibn Rushd), (1126–1198)[1][2][3][4]
 - Avicenna (or Ibn Sina), (980–1037)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Lyubov Axelrod (1868–1946)
 - Alfred Jules Ayer (1910–1989)[1][2][3][4][5]
 
B
- Franz Xaver von Baader (1765–1841)[2]
 - Charles Babbage (1791–1871)[1]
 - Gaston Bachelard (1884–1962)[1][2][3][4]
 - Johann Jakob Bachofen (1815–1887)[2]
 - Francis Bacon (1561–1626)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Roger Bacon (1214–1294)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Alain Badiou (born 1937) [1]
 - Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (1080–1165)[4]
 - Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162–1231)[5]
 - Sergio Bagú (1911–2002)
 - Annette Baier (1929–2012)[3]
 - Kurt Baier (1917–2010)[3]
 - Alexander Bain (1818–1903)[1][3]
 - Karl Friedrich Bahrdt (1741–1792)[2]
 - Lynne Rudder Baker (1944–2017)[2]
 - Mikhail Bakhtin (1895–1975)[1][2][3][4]
 - Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876)[1][2][3][4]
 - Arthur Balfour (1848–1930)[2]
 - John Balguy (1686–1748)[2]
 - Étienne Balibar (born 1942)
 - Domingo Báñez (1528–1604)[1][2][4]
 - Antonio Banfi (1886–1957)[2]
 - Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi (1070–1136)[4]
 - Jonathan Barnes (born 1942)[3]
 - Brian Barry (1936–2009)[3]
 - Karl Barth (1886–1968)[2][3][4]
 - Roland Barthes (1915–1980)[1][2][4]
 - Bartolus de Saxoferrato (1313–1357)[4]
 - Johann Bernhard Basedow (1724–1790)[2]
 - Basilides (c. 117–138)[1]
 - Georges Bataille (1897–1962)[1][2][4]
 - Charles Batteux (1713–1780)[2]
 - Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007) [2][4][5]
 - Bruno Bauer (1809–1882)[2][3][4][5]
 - David Baumgardt (1890–1963)[4]
 - Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714–1762)[1][2][4]
 - Pierre Bayle (1647–1706)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Monroe Beardsley (1915–1985)[2]
 - James Beattie (1735–1803)[1][2][4]
 - Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria (1738–1794)[1][2]
 - Jakob Sigismund Beck (1761–1840)[2][4]
 - Vissarion Belinsky (1811–1848)[2][4]
 - Robert Bellarmine (1542–1621)[2]
 - Nuel Belnap (born 1930)[3]
 - Gustave Belot (1859–1929)
 - Aaron Ben-Ze'ev (born 1949)
 - David Benatar (born 1966)
 - Dirk Benedict (born 1945)
 - Friedrich Eduard Beneke (1798–1854)[1][2]
 - Walter Benjamin (1892–1940)[2][3][4][5]
 - Gottfried Benn (1886–1956)[2]
 - Jonathan Bennett (born 1930)[2][3]
 - Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Richard Bentley (1662–1742)[4]
 - Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948)[1][2][3][4]
 - Gustav Bergmann (1906–1987)[1][2][3]
 - Henri Bergson (1859–1941)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - George Berkeley (1685–1753)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Claude Bernard (1813–1878)[2]
 - Bernard of Chartres (died 1130)[1][2]
 - Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153)[1][2][4]
 - Bernard Silvestris (or Bernard of Tours), (1147–1178)[2][4]
 - François Bernier (1620–1688)[4]
 - Eduard Bernstein (1850–1932)[4]
 - Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901–1972)[2]
 - Bessarion (1403–1472)[5]
 - Bhartrhari (5th century)[4]
 - Gabriel Biel (1425–1495)[2][4]
 - Georg Bernhard Bilfinger (1693–1750)[2]
 - Alfred Binet (1857–1911)[2]
 - Ludwig Binswanger (1881–1966)[2]
 - Max Black (1909–1988)[2][3]
 - Simon Blackburn (born 1944)[3]
 - William Blackstone (1723–1780)[4]
 - Hugh Blair (1718–1800)[4]
 - William Blake (1757–1827)[2]
 - Maurice Blanchot (1907–2003)[2][4]
 - Brand Blanshard (1892–1987)[2][3]
 - Blasius of Parma (or Biagio Pelacani da Parma), (1345–1416)[4]
 - Ernst Bloch (1885–1977)[1][2][3][4]
 - Ned Block (born 1942)[3]
 - Maurice Blondel (1861–1949)[1][2]
 - Charles Blount (1654–1693)[2]
 - Norberto Bobbio (1909–2004)[3][4]
 - Jean Bodin (1530–1596)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (AD 480–524/525)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Boetius of Dacia (c. 1240–c. 1280)[2][4][5]
 - Leonardo Boff (born 1938)
 - Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928)[3][4]
 - Jakob Böhme (1575–1624)[1][2][4]
 - David Bohm (1917–1992)[2]
 - Niels Bohr (1885–1962)[2][3][4]
 - Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux (1636–1711)[2]
 - Samuel Bold (1649–1737)[4]
 - Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (1678–1751)[2]
 - Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906)[1][2][3]
 - Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald (1754–1840)[2]
 - Francesco Bonatelli (1830–1911)[2]
 - Bonaventure (1221–1274)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–1945)[2][4]
 - Charles Bonnet (1720–1793)[2][4]
 - George Boole (1815–1864)[2][3][4][5]
 - Amadeo Bordiga (1889–1970)
 - Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Rudjer Boscovich (1711–1787)[1][2]
 - Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002)[4]
 - Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627–1704)[2]
 - Christopher Jacob Boström (1797–1866)[2]
 - Henri de Boulainvilliers (1658–1722)[2]
 - Emile Boutroux (1845–1921)[4]
 - Oets Kolk Bouwsma (1898–1978)[1]
 - Borden Parker Bowne (1847–1910)[2][4]
 - Robert Boyle (1627–1691)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - F. H. Bradley (1846–1924)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1290–1349)[2][4]
 - Richard-Bevan Braithwaite (1900–1990)[2][3]
 - Richard B. Brandt (1910–1997)[1][2][3]
 - Franz Brentano (1838–1917)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961)[2][3][4]
 - Edgar S. Brightman (1884–1953)[2][3]
 - Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1755–1826)[3]
 - Richard Brinkley (fl. 1350–1373)[4]
 - Radulphus Brito (c. 1270–c. 1320)[4][5]
 - C. D. Broad (1887–1971)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - David H.M. Brooks (1950–1996)
 - Thom Brooks (born 1973)
 - Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer (1881–1966)[1][2][3][5]
 - Thomas Brown (1778–1820)[2][4]
 - Peter Browne (1666–1735)[4]
 - Orestes Brownson (1803–1876)[2][3]
 - Emil Brunner (1889–1966)[2][4]
 - Giordano Bruno (1548–1600)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Leon Brunschvicg (1869–1944)[1][2][3][4]
 - James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce (1838–1922)[4]
 - Martin Buber (1878–1965)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Justus Buchler (1914–1991)[3]
 - Ludwig Büchner (1824–1899)[4]
 - Henry Thomas Buckle (1821–1862)[2]
 - Malcolm Budd (born 1941)[3]
 - Johann Franz Buddeus (1667–1729)[2]
 - Buddhaghosa (5th century)[1]
 - Claude Buffier (1661–1737)[4]
 - Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707–1788)[2][4]
 - Nikolai Bukharin (1888–1938)
 - Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov (1871–1944)[2][4]
 - Edward Bullough (1880–1934)[2]
 - Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976)[2][3][4]
 - Mario Bunge (1919–2020)
 - Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897)[2][3]
 - Tyler Burge (born 1946)[3]
 - Jean Buridan (1300–1358)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Edmund Burke (1729–1797)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Walter Burley (c. 1275–c. 1345)[1][2][4][5]
 - Myles Frederic Burnyeat (1939–2019)[3]
 - Richard Burthogge (1638–1704)[2][4]
 - Joseph Butler (1692–1752)[1][2][3][4]
 - Judith Butler (born 1956)
 - Samuel Butler (1835–1902)[2][3]
 
C
- Pierre Jean George Cabanis (1757–1808)[2][4]
 - Amílcar Cabral (1924–1973)[4]
 - Edward Caird (1835–1908)[1][2]
 - Dorion Cairns (1901–1973)[2]
 - Thomas Cajetan (1469–1534)[1][3][4]
 - Calcidius (4th century)[4]
 - Mario Calderoni (1879–1914)[2]
 - Callicles (late 5th century BC)[4][5]
 - John Calvin (1509–1564)[1][2][4]
 - Tommaso Campanella (1568–1639)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - George Campbell (1719–1796)[4]
 - Norman Robert Campbell (1880–1949)[1][2][4]
 - Albert Camus (1913–1960)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Georges Canguilhem (1904–1995)[1]
 - Georg Cantor (1845–1918)[1][2][3][4]
 - Ángel Cappelletti (1927–1995)
 - Johannes Capreolus (1380–1444)[2][4]
 - Claudia Card (1940–2015)[2]
 - Gerolamo Cardano (1501–1576)[4][5]
 - Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881)[1][2][4]
 - Gershom Carmichael (c. 1672 – 1729)[4]
 - Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Carneades (c. 214 – 129 BC)[2][3][4][5]
 - Edward Carpenter (1844–1929)
 - Lewis Carroll (1832–1898)[1][2][3][4]
 - Nancy Cartwright (born 1943)[2][3]
 - Carl Gustav Carus (1789–1869)[2]
 - Paul Carus (1852–1919)[2]
 - Antonio Caso (1883–1946)[2]
 - Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Hector-Neri Castañeda (1924–1991)[1]
 - Cornelius Castoriadis (1922–1997)
 - Carlo Cattaneo (1801–1869)[2][4]
 - Jean Cavaillès (1903–1944)
 - Stanley Cavell (1926–2018)[1][2][3][4]
 - Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673)[1][2][4][5]
 - Celsus of Alexandria (2nd century)[1][2][4]
 - Michel de Certeau (1925–1986)[4]
 - Pyotr Chaadaev (1794–1856)[2][4]
 - Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855–1927)[2]
 - Chanakya (or Kautilya) (321–296 BC)[4]
 - Chang Hsueh-ch'eng (or Zhang Xuecheng) (1738–1801)[1]
 - Chang Tsai (or Zhang Zai), (1020–1077)[4]
 - William Ellery Channing (1780–1842)[2]
 - Walter Charleton (1619–1707)[4]
 - Pierre Charron (1541–1603)[1][2][4]
 - François-René de Chateaubriand (1768–1848)[2]
 - Walter Chatton (1290–1343)[2][4][5]
 - Ch'en Hsien-chang (1428–1500)[1]
 - Cheng Hao (or Ch'eng Ming-Tao) (1032–1085)[1][2][4]
 - Cheng Hsuan (or Zheng Xuan) (127–200)[4]
 - Cheng Yi (or Ch'eng Yi Chu'an) (1033–1107)[1][2][4]
 - Nikolai Chernyshevsky (1828–1889)[2][4]
 - Chia Yi (or Jia Yi or Chia I) (201–169 BC)[1][4]
 - Chiao Hung (1540–1620)[1]
 - Boris Chicherin (1828–1904)[2]
 - Ch'ien Mu (1895–1990)[1]
 - Chih Tun (or Zhi Dun) (314–366)[4]
 - William Chillingworth (1602–1644)[4]
 - Roderick Chisholm (1916–1999)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Noam Chomsky (born 1928)[1][2][3][4]
 - Tasan Chông Yagyong (1762–1836)[4]
 - Chou Tun-Yi (or Zhou Dunyi or Chou Lien-Hsi or Zhou Lianxi) (1017–1073)[1][4]
 - Christine de Pizan (c. 1365 – c. 1430)[4]
 - Chrysippus (279–207 BC)[3][2][4]
 - Thomas Chubb (1679–1747)[2]
 - Alonzo Church (1903–1995)[1][2][3][4]
 - Patricia Churchland (born 1943)[1]
 - Paul Churchland (born 1942)[1][3]
 - Leon Chwistek (1884–1944)[2]
 - Cicero (106 – 43 BC)[1][2][3][4]
 - August Cieszkowski (1814–1894)[4]
 - Emil Cioran (1911–1995)
 - Hélène Cixous (born 1937)[2][4]
 - Clarembald of Arras (1110–1187)[4]
 - Samuel Clarke (1675–1729)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Johannes Clauberg (1622–1665)[2][4]
 - Cleanthes (301–232 BC)[2][4]
 - Clement of Alexandria (2nd–3rd century)[1][2][4]
 - Catherine Clément (born 1939)[1][2][4]
 - Cleomedes (2nd century)[4]
 - William Kingdon Clifford (1845–1879)[1][2][3]
 - Catherine Trotter Cockburn (1679–1749)[1][2][4][5]
 - Lorraine Code (born 1937)[2]
 - G.A. Cohen (1941–2009)[3]
 - Hermann Cohen (1842–1918)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - L. Jonathan Cohen (1923–2006)[3]
 - Morris Raphael Cohen (1880–1947)[2]
 - Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834)[2][3][4]
 - John Colet (1466–1519)[2]
 - Lucio Colletti (1924–2001)[3]
 - Arthur Collier (1680–1732)[1][2][4]
 - R. G. Collingwood (1889–1943)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Anthony Collins (1676–1729)[2][3][4][5]
 - John Comenius (1592–1670)[2][3][4]
 - Auguste Comte (1798–1857)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1715–1780)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794)[1][2][4]
 - Confucius (551 – 479 BC)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Benjamin Constant (1767–1830)[1][3][4]
 - Lady Anne Finch Conway (1631–1679)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Anna J. Cooper (1858–1964)[5]
 - Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543)[2][3][4][5]
 - Henry Corbin (1903–1978)[2]
 - Geraud de Cordemoy (1626–1684)[1][2][4][5]
 - Moses ben Jacob Cordovero (1522–1570)[2]
 - Carlos Cossio (1903–1987)
 - Newton da Costa (born 1929)
 - Uriel da Costa (1585–1640)[2]
 - Antoine Augustin Cournot (1801–1877)[1][2][4]
 - Victor Cousin (1792–1867)[1][2][4]
 - Louis Couturat (1868–1914)[1][2][3]
 - Crates of Thebes (c. 365 – c. 285 BC)
 - William Crathorn (14th century)[4][5]
 - Cratylus (c. 400 BC)[2][3][4]
 - James Edwin Creighton (1861–1924)[2]
 - Hasdai Crescas (c. 1340–1410)[1][2][3][4][5]
 - Benedetto Croce (1866–1952)[1][2][3][4]
 - Alexander Crummell (1819–1898)[5]
 - Christian August Crusius (1715–1775)[1][2][4]
 - Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688)[2][3][4]
 - Nathaniel Culverwel (1619–1651)[2][4]
 - Richard Cumberland (1631?–1718)[1][2][4]
 - Cyrano de Bergerac (1619–1655)[2]
 - Heinrich Czolbe (1819–1873)[1]
 
Notes
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press; 1999. ISBN 0-521-63722-8
 - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. September 30, 2020.
 
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