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Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:
- Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.
R
- François Rabelais (1493–1553)[4]
- Eduardo Rabossi (1930–2005)
- Gustav Radbruch (1878–1949)[4]
- Janet Radcliffe Richards (born 1944)[3]
- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975)[3][4]
- Assi Rahbani (1923–1986)
- Ramakrishna Paramhansa (1836–1886)
- Karl Rahner (1904–1984)[4]
- Ramanuja (1017–1137)[1][3][4]
- Frank P. Ramsey (1903–1930)[1][3][4][5]
- Ian Thomas Ramsey (1915–1972)[4]
- Paul Ramsey (1913–1988)
- Petrus Ramus (1515–1572)[1][4][5]
- Jacques Rancière (born 1940)
- Ram Gopal Varma (born 1989)
- Ayn Rand (1905–1982)[4][5]
- Hastings Rashdall (1858–1924)[1][3][4]
- Felix Ravaisson-Mollien (1813–1900)[4]
- John Rawls (1921–2002)[1][3][4][5]
- John Ray (1627–1705)[1]
- Daniel Raymond (1786–1849)
- Joseph Raz (1939–2022)
- Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (or Rhazes), (865–925)[1][4]
- Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209)[4]
- Paul Ree (1849–1901)[3]
- Pierre-Sylvain Regis (1632–1707)[4]
- August Wilhelm Rehberg (1757–1836)[5]
- Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957)[3]
- Helmut Reichelt (born 1939)
- Hans Reichenbach (1891–1953)[1][3][4][5]
- Thomas Reid (1710–1796)[1][3][4][5]
- Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694–1768)[1]
- Adolf Reinach (1883–1917)[4][5]
- Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757–1823)[1][4][5]
- Karl Renner (1870–1950)[4]
- Charles Bernard Renouvier (1815–1903)[1][3][4]
- Nicholas Rescher (born 1928)[3]
- Jean Reynaud (1806–1863)
- Rgyal tshab dar ma rin chen (or Gyeltsap darma rinchen) (1364–1432)[4]
- Urbanus Rhegius (1489–1541)[5]
- David Ricardo (1772–1823)
- Richard of Middleton (c. 1249–1306)[4]
- Richard of St. Victor (died 1173)[4]
- Richard Rufus of Cornwall (or Richardus Sophista) (1231–1259)[1][4][5]
- I. A. Richards (1893–1979)
- Radovan Richta (1924–1983)
- Heinrich Rickert (1863–1936)[5]
- Paul Ricœur (1913–2005)[1][3][4][5]
- Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866)
- Cedric Robinson (1940–2016)
- R.R. Rockingham Gill (born 1944)
- Jacques Rohault (1617–1672)[4]
- Erwin Rohde (1845–1898)
- Francisco Romero (1891–1962)[3]
- Avital Ronell (born 1952)
- Richard Rorty (1931–2007)[1][3][4][5]
- Vasily Rozanov (1856–1919)
- Roscelin of Compiègne (c. 1050–c. 1120)[1][4]
- Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz (1805–1879)
- Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy (1888–1973)[5]
- Franz Rosenzweig (1886–1929)[1][3][4][5]
- Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1797–1855)[1][4][5]
- Alf Niels Christian Ross (1899–1979)[4]
- William David Ross (1877–1971)[1][3][4][5]
- Carlo Rosselli (1899–1937)
- Gian-Carlo Rota (1932–1999)
- Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)[1][3][4][5]
- Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825)
- Joseph Rovan (1918–2004)
- M.N.Roy (1887–1954)
- Josiah Royce (1865–1916)[1][3][4][5]
- Pierre Paul Royer-Collard (1763–1845)
- Vasily Rozanov (1856–1919)[4]
- Ruan Ji (210–263)[1]
- Arnold Ruge (1802–1880)[4]
- Otto Rühle (1874–1943)
- Michael Ruse (born 1940)
- Bertrand Russell (1872–1970)[1][3][4][5]
- Jan van Ruysbroek (1293–1381)
- Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976)[1][3][4][5]
S
- Saadia Gaon (892–942)[1][3][4][5]
- Mulla Hadi Sabzevari (1797–1873)[4]
- William S. Sahakian (1922–1986)
- Mark Sainsbury (born 1943)[3]
- Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825)[1][3][4]
- Sakya Pandita (1182–1251)[5]
- Syed Zafarul Hasan (1885–1949)
- Nathan Salmon (born 1951)
- Wesley Salmon (1925–2001)[3][5]
- Francisco Sanches (1551–1623)[1][4][5]
- Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez (1915–2011)
- Michael Sandel (born 1953)[3]
- Śāntarakṣita (725–788)[5]
- George Santayana (1863–1952)[1][3][4][5]
- Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar (1921–1990)
- Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)[1][3][4][5]
- Crispin Sartwell (born 1958)
- John Ralston Saul (born 1947)
- Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913)[1][4]
- Fernando Savater (born 1947)
- Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1779–1861)[4]
- Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz (1898–1959)
- Antonin Scalia (1936–2016)
- Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558)
- Thomas Scanlon (born 1940)
- Richard Schacht (born 1941)[3]
- Max Scheler (1874–1928)[1][3][4][5]
- Friedrich Schelling (1775–1852)[1][3][4][5]
- F. C. S. Schiller (1864–1937)[4][5]
- Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805)[1][3][4]
- August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845)[5]
- Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829)[1][4][5]
- Hubert Schleichert (1935–2020)
- Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834)[1][4][5]
- Moritz Schlick (1882–1936)[3][4][5]
- Carl Schmitt (1888–1985)[4][5]
- J.B. Schneewind (born 1930)
- Gershom Scholem (1897–1982)[5]
- Heinrich Scholz (1884–1956)[5]
- Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860)[1][3][4][5]
- Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961)[1]
- Gottlob Ernst Schulze (1761–1833)[1]
- Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950)[4]
- Anna Maria van Schurman (1607–1678)[4]
- Alfred Schütz (1899–1959)[3][4][5]
- Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965)
- Roger Scruton (1944–2020)[3]
- Madeleine de Scudéry (1607–1701)[5]
- John Searle (born 1932)[1][3][4]
- Juan José Sebreli (born 1930)
- Charles Secrétan (1815–1895)
- Michal Sedziwój (1566–1636)
- John Selden (1584–1654)[4]
- Roy Wood Sellars (1880–1973)[3]
- Wilfrid Sellars (1912–1989)[1][3][4][5]
- Amartya Sen (born 1933)[3]
- Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC–AD 65)[3][4][5]
- Sengzhao (384–414)[4]
- Victor Serge (1890–1947)
- John Sergeant (1623–1704)[4]
- Michel Serres (1930–2019)
- Sextus Empiricus (2nd/3rd century)[1][3][4][5]
- Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713)[1][3][4][5]
- Shah Wali Allah (or Qutb al-Din Ahmad al-Rahim or Waliullah) (1703–1762)[4]
- Shang Yang (or Gongsun Yang) (died 338 BC)[1]
- Adi Shankara (788–820)[1][3][4]
- Shantideva (8th century)[5]
- Shao Yung (1011–1077)[1][4]
- Johannes Sharpe (c. 1360 – after 1415)[5]
- Dariush Shayegan (1935–2018)
- Shen Buhai (died 337 BC)[1]
- Shen Dao (or Shen Tzu) (c. 350 – 275 BC)[1]
- Lady Mary Shepherd (1777–1847)[5]
- Lev Shestov (1866–1938)[4]
- Shinran (1173–1261)[4]
- Sydney Shoemaker (born 1931)[3]
- Gustav Gustavovich Shpet (1879–1937)[1][4]
- Shriharsha (12th c.)[5]
- Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900)[1][3][4][5]
- Eli Siegel (1902–1978)
- Sigerus of Brabant (1240–1284)[1][4]
- Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm Sigwart (1789–1844)
- Abu Sulayman Muhammad al-Sijistani (c. 932 – c. 1000)[4]
- Ludovico Silva (1937–1988)
- Francesco Silvestri (or Francis Sylvester of Ferrara) (1474–1528)[4]
- Georg Simmel (1858–1918)[1][4]
- Simon of Faversham (c. 1260–1306)[5]
- Simplicius of Cilicia (early 6th century)[1][4][5]
- Kurt Singer (1886–1962)
- Peter Singer (born 1946)[3]
- B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)[4]
- Thoralf Skolem (1887–1963)[1]
- Hryhori Skovoroda (1722–1794)[4]
- Peter Sloterdijk (born 1947)
- J. J. C. Smart (1920–2012)[1][3][4]
- Adam Smith (1723–1790)[1][3][4]
- Barry Smith (born 1952)
- Huston Smith (1919–2016)
- Joseph Smith (1805–1844)
- Michael Smith (born 1954)
- Raymond Smullyan (1919–2017)
- Joseph D. Sneed (1938–2020)
- Jan Sniadecki (1756–1830)
- Scott Soames (born 1946)
- Elliott Sober (born 1948)
- Socrates (470–399 BC)[1][3][4][5]
- Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger (1780–1890)
- Joseph Soloveitchik (1903–1993)[4][5]
- Vladimir Solovyov (1853–1900)[1][3][4]
- Sophie de Condorcet (1764–1822)[5]
- Georges Sorel (1847–1922)[1][3][4]
- William Ritchie Sorley (1855–1935)
- Abdolkarim Soroush (born 1945)
- Ernest Sosa (born 1940)[3]
- Domingo de Soto (1494–1560)[1][4]
- Othmar Spann (1878–1950)
- Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)[1][3][4][5]
- Thomas Spencer Baynes (1823–1887)
- Oswald Spengler (1880–1936)
- Speusippus (410–339 BC)[3][4][5]
- Herbert Spiegelberg (1904–1990)
- Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)[1][3][4][5]
- Afrikan Spir (1837–1890)[1]
- Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born 1942)
- Lysander Spooner (1808–1887)
- Timothy L.S. Sprigge (1932–2007)[3]
- Walter Terence Stace (1886–1967)
- Edward Stachura (1937–1979)
- Anne Louise Germaine de Staël (1766–1817)[4]
- James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair (1619–1695)[4]
- Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (1878–1953)
- Robert Stalnaker (born 1940)[3]
- Henry Stanton (1805–1887)
- Olaf Stapledon (1886–1950)
- Stanisław Staszic (1755–1826)
- L. Susan Stebbing (1885–1943)[5]
- Edith Stein (1891–1942)[5]
- George Steiner (1929–2020)
- Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925)[1][4]
- Leslie Stephen (1832–1904)[1]
- Charles Leslie Stevenson (1908–1979)[3][4][5]
- Dugald Stewart (1753–1828)[3][4]
- Stephen Stich (born 1944)[3]
- Stilpo (c. 360 – c. 280 BC)
- James Hutchison Stirling (1820–1909)
- Max Stirner (1806–1856)[1][3][4][5]
- George Frederick Stout (1860–1944)[1][3]
- David Stove (1927–1994)
- Strato of Lampsacus (c. 340 – c. 268 BC)[1][4]
- David Friedrich Strauss (1808–1874)[4]
- Leo Strauss (1899–1973)[4][5]
- Galen Strawson (born 1952)
- P. F. Strawson (1919–2006)[1][3][4][5]
- Barry Stroud (1935–2019)[3]
- Carl Stumpf (1848–1936)[5]
- Johann Sturm (1635–1703)[5]
- Francisco Suárez (1548–1617)[1][3][4][5]
- Gabrielle Suchon (1631–1703)[4]
- Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi (1154–1191)[5]
- Sun Tzu (c. 5th century BC)
- Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925)[1]
- Rudi Supek (1913–1993)
- Henry Suso (1300–1366)[4]
- Ivan Sviták (1925–1994)
- Karen Swassjan (born 1948)
- Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772)[4]
- Richard Swinburne (born 1934)[1][3]
- Richard Sylvan (1935–1996)[5]
- Syrianus (5th century)[5]
- David Sztybel (born 1967)
T
- Allama Tabatabai (1903–1981)
- Javad Tabatabai (born 1945)
- Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905)
- Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941)[3][4]
- Tai Chen (or Dai Zhen or Tai Tung-Yuan) (1724–1777)[1][2][4]
- Hippolyte Taine (1828–1893)[4]
- Gáspár Miklós Tamás (1948–2023)
- T'an Ssu-t'ung (1864–1898)[1]
- Tanabe Hajime (1885–1962)[3][4]
- T'ang Chun-i (1909–1978)[1]
- Alfred Tarski (1901–1983)[1][3][4][5]
- Władysław Tatarkiewicz (1886–1980)
- Johannes Tauler (c. 1300 – 1361)[4]
- Nicolaus Taurellus (1547–1606)[5]
- Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi (c. 930 – 1023)[4]
- Charles Taylor (born 1931)[1][3][4]
- Harriet Taylor Mill (1807–1858)[1][4][5]
- Kenneth Allen Taylor (1954–2019)
- Richard Taylor (1919–2003)[3]
- Gustav Teichmuller (1837–1888)[1]
- Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955)[1][4]
- Bernardino Telesio (1509–1588)[1][4][5]
- Placide Tempels (1906–1977)
- William Temple (1881–1944)[4]
- Frederick Robert Tennant (1866–1957)[4]
- Teresa of Avila (1515–1582)[1]
- Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220)[1][4]
- Johannes Nikolaus Tetens (1736–1807)[1][4]
- Thales (c. 635 – 543 BC)[1][3][4]
- Themistius (317–387)[4]
- Theodoric of Freiberg ( c.1250 – c.1311)
- Theodorus of Cyrene (c. 465 – 398 BC)
- Theophrastus (372–287 BC)[3][4][5]
- Helmut Thielicke (1908–1986)[4]
- Peter Thielst (born 1951)
- Thierry of Chartres (fl. c. 1130–1150)[4]
- Thomas à Kempis (1380–1471)[4]
- Thomas of Erfurt (14th century)[5]
- Thomas of York (13th century)[4]
- Christian Thomasius (1655–1728)[4]
- William Thompson (1775–1833)
- Judith Jarvis Thomson (1929–2020)[1][3]
- Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)[1][3][4][5]
- Thrasymachus (5th century BC)[1][4][5]
- Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC)[4]
- Paul Tillich (1886–1965)[1][4]
- Timaeus of Locri (5th century BC)
- Timon of Phlius (c. 300 BC)[4][5]
- Matthew Tindal (1657–1733)[4]
- Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859)[4]
- Tzvetan Todorov (1939–2017)[4]
- John Toland (1670–1722)[3][4]
- Francisco de Toledo (1515–1584)[1][4]
- Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910)[4]
- Tominaga Nakamoto (1715–1746)[4]
- Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (1802–1872)
- Ernst Troeltsch (1865–1923)[1][4]
- Leon Trotsky (1879–1940)[3][4]
- Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (1651–1708)[4]
- Je Tsongkhapa (or Dzongkaba or Rinpoche) (1357–1419)[4][5]
- Alyaksandr Tsvikievich (1888–1937)
- Abraham Tucker (1705–1774)[4]
- Benjamin Tucker (1854–1939)
- Peter Tudvad (born 1966)
- Ernst Tugendhat (born 1930)[3]
- Raimo Tuomela (1940–2020)
- Alan Turing (1912–1954)[3][4][5]
- George Turnball (1698–1748)[1][4]
- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274)[2][4]
- Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938)[3][4][5]
- Michael Tye (born 1950)
U
- Pietro Ubaldi (1886–1972)
- Udayana (11th century)[4]
- Uddyotakara (6th century)[4]
- Uisang (625–702)[4]
- Ulrich of Strasbourg (1220–1277)[4]
- Hermann Ulrici (1806–1884)
- Umar Khayyam (1048–1131)[5]
- Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936)[1][3][4]
- Peter Unger (born 1942)
- Dimitri Uznadze (1886–1950)
V
- Hans Vaihinger (1852–1933)[1][3][4][5]
- György Mihály Vajda (born 1935)
- J. J. Valberg (born 1936) [5]
- Valentinius (or Valentinus) (c. 100 – c. 153)[1]
- Paul Valéry (1871–1945)
- Lorenzo Valla (1406–1457)[1][3][4][5]
- Vallabhacharya (1479–1531)[4]
- Bas C. van Fraassen (born 1941)[3]
- Peter van Inwagen (born 1942)
- Giulio Cesare Vanini (1585–1619)[1]
- Francisco Varela (1946–2001)
- Vasubandhu (4th century)[1][4][5]
- Vatsyayana (5th century)[4]
- Emerich de Vattel (1714–1767)
- Gianni Vattimo (born 1936)[4]
- Vauvenargues (1715–1747)[1]
- Gabriel Vazquez (1549–1604)[1]
- John Venn (1834–1923)[4]
- Henry Babcock Veatch (1911–1997)
- Nicoletto Vernia (1442–1499)[4]
- Giambattista Vico (1668–1744)[1][3][4][5]
- Milan Vidmar (1885–1962)
- Álvaro Vieira Pinto (1909–1987)
- Michel Villey (1914–1988)[4]
- Vital Du Four (1260–1327)[4]
- Francisco de Vitoria (1492–1546)[1][3][4]
- Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902)
- Juan Luís Vives (1492–1540)[1][4][5]
- Gregory Vlastos (1907–1991)[3][4]
- Eric Voegelin (1901–1985)[4]
- Carl Vogt (1817–1895)
- Valentin Voloshinov (1895–1936)
- Voltaire (1694–1778)[3][4][5]
- Georg Henrik von Wright (1916–2003)[1][3][4]
- Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934)[3][4]
- Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev (1877–1954)[4]
W
- Jean Wahl (1888–1974)
- Friedrich Waismann (1896–1959)
- Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913)[4]
- Michael Walzer (born 1935)[3]
- Ernest Wamba dia Wamba (1942–2020)
- Wang Bi (226–249)[1]
- Wang Ch'ung (27–97)[1][4]
- Wang Fuzhi (or Wang Fu-Chih or Wang Chuanshan), (1619–1692)[1][4]
- Hao Wang (1921–1995)[3]
- Wang Yangming (1472–1529)[1][3][4][5]
- James Ward (1843–1925)[1][5]
- Geoffrey J. Warnock (1923–1996)[3]
- Mary Warnock (1924–2019)[3]
- John B. Watson (1878–1958)[3]
- Watsuji Tetsuro (1889–1960)[3][4][5]
- Alan Watts (1915–1973)
- Max Weber (1864–1920)[1][3][4][5]
- Éric Weil (1904–1977)
- Simone Weil (1909–1943)[1][3][4][5]
- Ota Weinberger (1919–2009)[4]
- Otto Weininger (1880–1903)
- Adam weishaupt (1748–1830)
- Christian Hermann Weisse (1801–1866)
- Victoria, Lady Welby (1837–1912)
- Felix Weltsch (1884–1964)
- Cornel West (born 1953)
- Edvard Westermarck (1862–1939)[1]
- Hermann Weyl (1885–1955)[4][5]
- Frantisek Weyr (or Franz Weyr) (1879–1951)[4]
- William Whewell (1794–1866)[1][3][4][5]
- Benjamin Whichcote (1609–1683)
- Alan R. White (1922–1992)
- Thomas White (1593–1676)[4]
- Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947)[1][3][4][5]
- David Wiggins (born 1933)[3]
- William of Alnwick (1270–1333)[1]
- William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (1180–1249)[1][4][5]
- William of Auxerre (died 1231)[1][4]
- William of Champeaux (c. 1070 – 1121)[4][5]
- William of Conches (c. 1080 – 1154)[4]
- William of Moerbeke (c. 1215 – 1286)[1]
- William of Ockham (c. 1285 – 1347)
- William of Shyreswood (or William of Sherwood) (1190–1249)[1][4][5]
- Bernard Williams (1929–2003)[1][3][4][5]
- Donald Cary Williams (1899–1983)[5]
- Raymond Williams (1921–1988)
- Timothy Williamson (born 1955)
- Colin Wilson (1931–2013)
- John Cook Wilson (1849–1915)[1][5]
- Peter Winch (1926–1997)[3]
- Wilhelm Windelband (1848–1915)[1][5]
- Kwasi Wiredu (1931–2022)
- John Wisdom (1904–1993)[3]
- John Witherspoon (1723–1794)[4]
- Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (1885–1939)
- Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951)[1][3][4][5]
- Adam de Wodeham (1298–1358)[1][4][5]
- Christian Wolff (1679–1754)[1][3][4][5]
- William Wollaston (1659–1724)[1][4]
- Richard Wollheim (1923–2003)[3]
- Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797)[1][3][4][5]
- Nicholas Wolterstorff (born 1932)
- Wonchuk (613–696)[4]
- Wonhyo Daisa (617–686)[4]
- Woo Tsin-hang (or Chih-hui) (1865–1953)
- Chauncey Wright (1830–1875)[1][3][5]
- Crispin Wright (born 1942)[3]
- Dorothy Maud Wrinch (1894–1976)
- Jerzy Wróblewski (1926–1990)[4]
- Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)[1][4][5]
- John Wyclif (c. 1330 – 1384)[1][3][4][5]
X
Y
- Yajnavalkya (c. 1800 BC)
- Yang Chu (370–319 BC)[1][4]
- Yang Xiong (or Yang Hsiung) (53 BC–AD 18)[1][4]
- Yen Yuan (1635–1704)[1]
- Yi Hwang (or Toegye) (1501–1570)[4]
- Yi I (or Yi Yulgok or Yi Yi) (1536–1584)[4]
- Yi Kan (1677–1727)[4]
- Francis Parker Yockey (1917–1960)
- Paul Yorck von Wartenburg (1835–1897)[5]
- Arthur M. Young (1905–1995)
- Iris Marion Young (1949–2006)
- Pavel Yudin (1899–1968)
Z
- Jacopo Zabarella (1533–1589)[1][4][5]
- Edward N. Zalta (born 1952)
- Peter Wessel Zapffe (1899–1990)
- Zeami Motokiyo (c. 1363 – c. 1443)[4]
- Eduard Zeller (1814–1908)
- Zeno of Citium (333–264 BC)[3][4]
- Zeno of Elea (c. 495 – c. 430 BC)[3][4][5]
- Zeno of Sidon (1st century BC)
- Zeno of Tarsus (fl. 200 BC)
- Dewi Zephaniah Phillips (1934–2006)
- Ernst Zermelo (1871–1953)[4]
- Zhiyi (538–597)[4]
- Zhou Guoping (born 1945)
- Zhu Xi (or Chu Hsi) (1130–1200)[1][3][4][5]
- Zhuang Zi (or Chuang Tzu or Chuang Chou) (c. 300 BC)[1][3][5]
- Slavoj Žižek (born 1949)
- Florian Znaniecki (1882–1958)
- Zongmi (780–841)[4]
- Zou Yan (3rd century BC)[1]
- Xavier Zubiri (1889–1983)
Notes
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press; 1999. ISBN 0-521-63722-8
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. January 26, 2021
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